Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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چکیده
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas and hypopneas caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Risk Factors for OSA include patients with all 4 of the following symptoms and are considered to be at high risk for OSA: habitual snoring; observed apneas; excessive daytime sleepiness; and a body mass index (BMI) greater than 35. If there is no sleep partner to determine witnessed apneas, then factors such as age, neck size, and gender can be considered. Excessive daytime sleepiness may be subjective, and is assessed by questionnaires such as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) or SNAP-BANG, short self-administered questionnaires. The sleep fragmentation associated with repeated sleep disruption can lead to impairment of daytime activity. Adult patients with OSA associated daytime somnolence are thought to be at higher risk for vehicular accidents while OSA in children may result in neurocognitive impairment and behavioral problems. OSA can also affect the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. OSA can lead to episodic hypoxemia, alveolar hypoventilation, hypercapnia, and acidosis. This is associated with hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and systolic hypertension.
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